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This book provides a comprehensive review of the Measures for Administration of Takeover of Chinese Listed Companies (the Chinese takeover law), with emphasis on the differences between the Chinese takeover law and takeover legislation in the UK, the US and Hong Kong. The Chinese M&A market has been booming at an unprecedented rate in recent years; not only domestic investors, but also foreign funds and multinational companies are actively participating on the market. For both market participants and researchers, it is crucial to understand the emerging and transitional aspects of the Chinese economy and its M&A market, and the impacts of those aspects on relevant laws. While there are ongoing academic discussions on the convergence between the Chinese takeover law and its counterparts in the UK, Hong Kong and the US, this book offers a comprehensive discussion of the divergence and focuses on key differences in the transplanted Chinese takeover law.
Since its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), China has undertaken stronger initiatives toward adapting its legal system to support the development of a market-oriented economy. However, in this important new study the author contends that Chinaand’s steps in this direction are not sufficient. Although barriers to merger and acquisition (Mand&A) targeting of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been significantly reduced, excessive administrative intervention continues to discourage foreign Mand&Ainvolving domestic listed companies. This book proposes changes in Chinese law, including a new full-scale regulatory scheme, which would enhance and expand such foreign direct investment. The discussion proceeds from the perspectives of company law, securities law, antimonopoly law, and foreign investment law. Based on the analysis of the market situation and policy background in China, and on a comparison among the relevant aspects of the legal systems of China and other jurisdictions, the book addresses the Chinese legal system for foreign Mandamp;A involving listed companies, including its policy support. The analysis highlights such aspects as the following: and• features and structures of the current Chinese foreign Mandamp;A market; and• China's state-owned enterprise reform and• functions of the Chinese stock market; and• Chinese foreign investment policy; and• components of the Chinese legal system specific to foreign Mand&A; and and• comparative studies of foreign Mandamp;A regulation and experience (US, EU, UK, and Russia) and what may be useful in each for China. The authorand’s detailed recommendations for the improvement of the Chinese legal system primarily concern the regime of state ownership exercise, the establishment of an antitrust scheme, the improvement in the regulation of corporate takeovers, and national treatment of foreign investors under the WTO system. This is in every way a ground-breaking contribution to the literature of international trade law. The authorand’s deeply informed and cogent analysis will be of immeasurable value to policy makers and academics across a range of fields, and the bookand’s practical value to business persons everywhere with an eye on China cannot be overestimated.
This hugely informative book - unique in its overarching emphasis on the laws governing M&As and takeovers in China - not only shows those interested in investing in China how to avoid legal mistakes and miscalculations. In addition to offering singular interpretive analysis of strictly legal matters, the authors concentrate extensively on the all-important cultural and environmental factors that can make business in China daunting for the uninitiated. Extending this double emphasis on cultural understanding and M&A and takeover expertise, the authors clearly explain such elements of how to enter the Chinese market (or expand a presence in it) as the following: concepts of guanxi and mienzi; understanding China’s rising middle class; valuation of state-owned assets; maximum permitted debt-to-equity ratios; key PRC government agencies involved in the approval of transactions; taxation framework for enterprise restructuring in China; employees as an asset; share swaps; prohibited trading activities when acquiring a listed company; legal framework for dispute resolution; administrative proceedings; liabilities for breach of contract; and responding to intellectual property rights abuse. The authors provide precise details on the characteristics of, and procedures involved in, the wide range of investment options available in China, with knowledgeable guidance on the choice of investment options and protection of investor interests. Because China is clearly a major global economic force and will continue to be so in the foreseeable future, this thorough but down-to earth guide is of immeasurable practical value to foreign investors of every kind, from multinational corporations to individual venture capitalists.
This book investigates stakeholders’ interests, market players, and governance models for the takeover market in the changing global economic orders. Authors from the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, and China discuss takeovers in the context of China as a rising power in the global M&A market and re-examine takeover as an efficient method for corporate competition, consolidation, and restructuring. China has come to embrace takeovers as a market practice and is seeking directions for further reforms of its law, regulatory model, and banking system in order to compete with other economic powers. Yet, China is at a very different economic development stage and has different legal and political structures. State-owned enterprises dominate the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets – a very different landscape from UK and European exchanges. Researchers and policy makers are currently developing options in response to needs for reform. Recently, China has also announced the opening of its financial markets to foreign ownership. This book reflects on the UK and European models and focuses on the policy choices for China to transform its capital market. The book is of interest to postgraduate students and researchers (LLM, PhD, postdocs), law and management/finance academics, and policy makers.
This book is largely prompted by the two recently promulgated regulations governing takeovers in China. The goal of this book is to critically examine the legal takeover regime in China and to put forward proposals for reform. To outline the discussion, Part II describes the stock market, the takeover law, and the takeover activities in China. Two legislative goals, namely contestability of takeovers and shareholder protection, are set out in Part III. Under these principles, Part IV and Part V explore the issues of tender offer and anti takeover defenses, respectively. Specifically, Part IV focuses on information disclosure and other major rules relating to takeovers. It appears that these rules are in line with the international norm and acceptably workable in the context of China. Furthermore, Part V explores the serious problems that are associated with anti-takeover defenses. China's law seems to be both over inclusive and under inclusive in this respect. After an in depth comparative analysis of the legal regimes in the U.S., UK, and Australia, it is apparent that those regimes are not suitable for China's local conditions. Lastly, this book proposes a regime in which shareholders could veto the use of takeover defenses ex post, while requiring that certain defensive measures be decided ex ante. This proposal could well suit China's needs because it not only gives shareholders sufficient protection, but also preserves necessary flexibility for management to efficiently respond to truly undesirable tender offers.
This accessible book offer a comprehensive and critical introduction to the law on business organizations in the People�s Republic of China. The coverage focuses on the 2005-adopted PRC Company Law and the most recent legislative and regulatory develop
The private sale of corporate control, or agreed takeover, of listed companies has been the primary form of control transaction in China. However such takeovers have in many cases presented an opportunity for the control buyer and seller to extract value from the company at the expense of the target company's non-insider minority shareholders. One key legal development that attempts to address this issue is the imposition of US-style fiduciary duties on both incumbent and new controllers. This article argues that placing controllers under fiduciary duties has largely failed to protect the minority shareholders of Chinese listed companies from the exploitation of both the seller and buyer of corporate control. The failure is partly due to the weakness of the requisite complementary legal institutions, and partly due to the absence of a supporting social context.
The number of interactions between China's stock markets and markets in other parts of the world continues to grow prodigiously. However, as in many transitional economies, insider control and inefficient law enforcement pose serious problems for the corporate governance of Chinese listed companies. Using a law and economics approach, this book first analyses the types of pervasive misconduct of large shareholders in China's listed companies, and then offers concrete reform proposals toward effective protection of minority shareholders in the interwoven areas of regulation, enforcement, and the judiciary. The author addresses the necessity for recognizing the fiduciary duty of controlling shareholders, for improving voting rights for minority shareholders, for enhancing the disclosure system, and for restricting insider trading and market manipulation.
In recent years, many Chinese listed corporations have adopted draconian takeover defenses that harm shareholders' interests. While the courts and the Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission have failed to offer any guidance as to the validity of these defenses, the two stock exchanges in China have adopted a soft-law approach to regulating them by issuing letters of concern to listed corporations. This article makes the first attempt to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of this soft-law approach by examining the effects of takeover defenses adopted under the regulation of letters of concern with event studies. The movements of stock prices during the event period suggest that the takeover defenses adopted by listed corporations under the regulation of stock exchanges were not draconian, and that these corporations were still potential takeover targets. Thus, letters of concern issued by the two stock exchanges are effective in curbing draconian takeover defenses and protecting public investors. These findings enrich our understandings of the effects of soft law and have important implications for investor protection and the development of the capital market in China.
This article examines the recently promulgated takeover regulation by the China Securities Regulatory Commission. Along with other laws and regulations, this new regulation has greatly enhanced China's takeover legal regime both in terms of form and substance. It comes at time when the Chinese economy is undergoing a strategic restructuring process and China's capital markets are at the birth of a new era thanks to the ongoing state share reform. The new regulation brings China's takeover law more closely into line with its counterparts in more developed economies, but it remains to be seen whether it will function in practice as hoped due to some potential problems with the regime. The article both investigates the implications of the new regulation for takeover activities in China, and conducts a critique of China's takeover legal regime from a comparative perspective.